Polish-Haitian Connection Part 2: Voodoo, Erzulie Dantor and the Black Madonna

(On the left is a photo of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa. The chromolithograph on the right is commonly used in Haiti to depict the loa Erzulie Dantor)

Haitian Voodoo is mostly derived from a religious system of deity and ancestor veneration widely practiced in western Africa at the time of the Atlantic slave trade. Haitian Voodoo has extra ("New World") spirits which do not exist in African voodoo. People who ended up as slaves on the caribbean islands controlled by the Kingdom of France were forbidden (at first on an ad-hoc basis, later by the Code Noir) from practicing any religion other than Catholicism.

In light of all this a process of syncretisation took place on Haiti (or Saint-Domingue as the territory was then called) where some voodoo loa (spirits) became identified with Catholic saints and some Catholic saints became loa in their own right. It's a fascinating subject, an introduction to which should be related by those more talented than I. BoB particularly reccommends Webster University professor Bob Corbett's site in this regard.

A particular syncretisation spurred me into writing about Voodoo - that between the Black Madonna of Czestochowa (Polish: Czarna Madonna Częstochowska) and the New World loa Erzulie Dantor. This is the loa of single mothers, homosexuals, justice and independence. Dantor was present at a famous voodoo ritual in 1791, where she took over the body of one of the worshippers and urged Haitians to "kill the stranger" - this precipitated the revolution which culminated in independence for the island in 1804 and the massacre of every Frenchman on the island.

For her part the Black Madonna has a special place in Polish national myth. The painting is housed in Poland's holiest monastery at Jasna Góra. Legend has it that the icon was painted by St. Luke on a tabletop belonging to Mary and Joseph and eventually brought to Poland. Her distinctive facial scars are said to have miraculously reappeared after they had been painted over following a pagan attack, an indication that the Black Madonna wanted to share in the nation's fate.

Revolutionary Haitians were not to know all of these details. The backstory to the painting in Voodoo lore is of a mother fiercely protective of the daughter she carries (actually Jesus in the Catholic interpretation). She loves knives and received the facial scars fighting with her sister Erzulie Freda. The scars are a sign of Dantor's strength - she is wounded but keeps going.

It is hard to say why this particular religious painting became a popular focus for syncretisation with a "New World" spirit of Haitian Voodoo. Her black skin may have made the painting more acceptable to a black population than other white-skinned versions, much as images of saints with explicitly Black African features are popular in Africa. It is also possible that there were many more copies of this particular painting on the island than others, following the landing of 5000 Polish legionaries on the island in 1802. Many Poles to this day keep depictions of the Black Madonna in their homes, cars and wallets.

Please follow the below links to see more depictions of Erzulie Dantor:

Painting by Hërsza Barjon

Papier Maché sculpture by unknown artist

Painting by Elaine Soto

(click Comments just below to start a discussion or leave a message related to this article)

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Hey:
Filip. your article is quite apt and I love it. There is however more to this Polish-Haitian Connection. In 1795 when Poland disappeared from the world map (Partitioned among Russia, Prussia and Austria), the polish army of 5000 strong contacted Napoleon on how to regain Poland from those belligerents. Napoleon response was that if the Polish army would help bring down the Haitian Revolutionaries (1791-1803), He'll do the same for the Polish people. The Polish army obliged and enlisted in the Napoleonic army. However, when the Polish soldiers got to Saint Domingue (Present-day Haiti), they realized the Haitians were fighting for the same cause they left Poland in the first place. They eventually fought on the Haitians' side against Napoleon and never returned to Poland even after the Haitian got their independence in 1803 (the only successful Slave Revolution in the history of the world) . While the Haitian constitution of 1804 claimed that everyone is black regardless of skin color, the Polish soldiers yet chose to stay. There are still some Polish-Haitian people in Haiti especially in the South. My great great grandmother was one of them... As I am writing this article I am in Poland looking at a picture of the Black Madona.

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